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This article elaborates the key points of the updated recommendations and the latest evidence of the important steps in China neonatal resuscitation guideline (revised in 2021), aiming to help clinicians better understand the guideline and guide training to achieve a standardized and efficient resuscitation and further to improve neonatal outcomes.
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The Apgar score, as a convenient and practical method for clinical screening in newborns during the first minutes of life, has been widely used for more than six decades. However, with the advent of modern medical technology, the continued use of Apgar score has been a matter of controversy due to its limitations, including that it is prone to be influenced by many factors. We provide a new insight into the Apgar score, based on the updated clinical evidence, its relationship with neonatal resuscitation, and its predictive value in neonatal outcome.
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Objective:To investigate the status and influencing factors of enteral nutrition support in late preterm infants (34-36 +6 gestational weeks) treated in different grades of hospitals in Beijing. Methods:This was a prospective study involving late preterm infants treated in 25 hospitals in Beijing from October 2015 to October 2017. Data about nutritional management and nutrition-related complications were recorded. Exclusive breastfeeding status of the infants by gestational age(GA) and hospital levels was analyzed. The achievement of full enteral feeding and the potential influencing factors were also analyzed. t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Logistic regression and Cox regression analysis were used in multivariate analysis. Results:(1) A total of 1 463 late preterm infants with GA of 35.6±0.8 (ranging from 34.9 to 36.1) weeks was enrolled in this study. Compared with the infants with GA of 35-35 +6 and 36-36 +6 weeks, those born at 34-34 +6 gestational weeks had longer hospital stay [10 (8-13) vs 8 (7-10) and 7 (6-9) d, both P<0.05], greater loss of minimum weight [4.3% (2.6%-6.3%) vs 3.8% (2.0%-5.6%) and 3.3% (1.9%-5.5%), both P<0.05], higher incidence of apnea [5.3% (20/369) vs 2.1% (12/566) and 1.3% (7/528), both P<0.05] and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) [7.1% (28/369) vs 3.0% (17/566) and 3.2% (17/528), both P<0.05], and lower percentage of failure to regain birth weight at discharge [32.5% (120/369) vs 38.7% (219/566) and 47.9% (253/528), both P<0.05]. Only the incidence of premature rupture of membranes among all maternal complications during pregnancy had statistical difference between 34-34 +6, 35-35 +6 and 36-36 +6 GA groups [6.2% (23/369) vs 12.7% (72/566) and 11.9% (63/528), χ2=10.244, P=0.007]. (2) The rate of enteral feeding increment in hospital was 13.7 (10.5-17.3) ml/(kg·d) and 46.0% (673/1 463) of the infants were fed formula. The exclusive breastfeeding rate increased from 4.5% (66/1 463) during hospitalization to 14.4% (211/1 463) at discharge. The breastfeeding rate at discharge varied widely among the 25 hospitals ( χ2=327.893, P<0.001) ranging from 32% to 0. (3) Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that gestational diabetes mellitus ( OR=2.426, 95% CI: 1.075-5.437, P=0.033) and premature rupture of membranes ( OR=8.726, 95% CI: 1.193-63.802, P=0.033) were the prenatal risk factors influencing the exclusive breastfeeding in late preterm infants. Enteral nutrition achieving 150 ml/(kg·d) and 120 kcal/(kg·d) (1 kcal=4.184 kJ) were noted for 28.4% (416/1 463) and 19.2% (281/1 463) of the late preterm infants at discharge, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that hospital grades ( HR=1.470, 95% CI: 1.030-2.098, P=0.034), the length of hospital stay ( HR=1.162, 95% CI: 1.097-1.231, P<0.001), birth weight ( HR=0.946, 95% CI: 0.898-0.995, P=0.003), exclusive breastfeeding ( HR=2.354, 95% CI:1.031-5.374, P=0.042), feeding intolerance ( HR=3.677, 95% CI: 1.201-11.253, P=0.023), parenteral nutrition ( HR=1.900, 95% CI: 1.379-2.616, P<0.001), and the rate of enteral feeding advancement ( HR=1.426, 95% CI: 1.369-1.484, P<0.001) were independent factors associated with full enteral feeding at discharge. Conclusions:Exclusive breastfeeding rate in late preterm infants is low and enteral nutrition support varies greatly in different hospitals. The rate of enteral feeding increment is slow for hospitalized late preterm infants and most fail to achieve full enteral feeding at discharge. Gestational diabetes mellitus and premature rupture of membranes are prenatal risk factors affecting breastfeeding of late preterm infants. Those with low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding in hospital, feeding intolerance, parenteral nutrition support, longer hospital stay or rapid enteral feeding advancement are more likely to achieve full enteral feeding at discharge.
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Objective@#To introduce the methods for sensitivity analysis, discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of different methods.@*Methods@#The difference between confounding function method and bounding factor method in accuracy of identifying unmeasured confounding factors in observational studies through simulation trials and actual clinical data was compared.@*Results@#The results of simulation trials and actual clinical data showed that when there was unmeasured confounding between exposure (X) and outcome (Y), the results of confounding function and the bounding factor analysis were similar in terms of the effect of unmeasured confounding factor to lead to the complete change of the magnitude and direction of the observed effect value. However, the confounding function method needed smaller confounding effect to fully interpret the observed effect value than the bounding factor needed. In addition, the bounding factor method needed to analyze two confounding parameters, while only one parameter was needed in the confounding function method. The confounding function method was simpler and more sensitive than the bounding factor method.@*Conclusion@#For real-world observational data, the sensitivity analysis process is essential in analyzing the causal effects between exposure (X) and outcome (Y). In terms of the calculation process and result interpretation the sensitivity analysis method of confounding function is worth to recommend.
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Breastfeeding has great benefits for public health and social economy, while the exclusive breastfeeding rate within six months after birth and early initiation rate of breastfeeding in China are lower than the average level of the world. "Early skin to skin contact (SSC), early sucking and early initiation of breastfeeding"is an important start to ensure the success of breastfeeding. SSC between mother and baby is the first key step. Continuous SSC can stabilize the vital signs of newborns, provide the infants with healthy flora from mothers to establish a good micro-ecology and stimulate the rooting reflex of the baby to get colostrum as early as possible to protect them from infections and save their lives. Kangaroo mother care(KMC) for preterm/low birth weight infants can promote breastfeeding, and effectively reduce severe infections and mortality. Early SSC and KMC at the beginning of life are crucial to ensure successful breastfeeding.
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Objective To evaluate the nutritional status of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants and the effects of nutritional support strategy alterations on their growth during hospitalization.Method From 2005 to 2014,clinical data of ELBW infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical data included their general status,enteral and parental nutritional support strategy and complications during hospitalization The patients were assigned into pre5 group and late5 group.Those who survived and discharged from 2005 to 2009 were the pre5 group,and those who survived and discharged fromn 2010 to 2014 were the late5 group.The independent t test and chi square test were used for statistical analysis.Result A total of 58 ELBW infants were enrolled in the study,including 18 patients in the pre5 group and 40 in the late5 group.No statistically significant differences existed between the two groups on gestational age,birth weight,Z score (weight for length and gender),birth length,head circumference and main complications during hospitalization (P ＞0.05).Pre5 group had higher incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) than late5 group (16/18 vs.25/40,P =0.037),while the EUGR ratio at discharge (14/18 vs.21/40,P =0.061) was similar.When compared with pre5 group,late5 group had larger amount of initial enteral feeding volume [4.4 ml/(kg · d) vs.2.4 ml/(kg · d),P =0.014] and feeding volume at the end of the first week [(19.8 ± 16.0) ml/(kg · d) vs.(12.2 ±9.5) ml/(kg · d),P =0.036].Similarly,the starting dose of amino acids in parenteral nutrition [2.0g/(kg· d) vs.1.0 g/(kg· d),P＜0.001],maximum dose of amino acids [4.0g/(kg.d) vs.3.5 g/(kg · d),P ＜ 0.001],total calories at the end of the first week [(82.6 ± 12.6) kcal/(kg · d) vs.(71.1±15.2) kcal/(kg· d),P=0.004] and the second week [(103.7 ±19.8) kcal/(kg· d) vs.(92.3 ± 17.9) kcal/(kg · d),P =0.041],the weight gain velocity from birth to discharge [(18.7 ± 2.9) g/(kg.d) vs.(16.9±2.8) g/(kg· d),P=0.031] and change of Z scores (AZ) [-0.6 (-1.0,-0.4) vs.-1.2 (-1.6,-0.8),P =0.004] showed significantl differences between the two groups,with better outcomes in late5 group.However,the duration of parenteral nutrition,the total amount of amino acids,the time reaching total enteral feeding,the length of hospital stay were similar between the two groups.Ten cases(61.1％)of infants in pre5 group were breastfed,and four of them used human milk fortifier (HMF) (fortified rate was 22％).32 cases (80％) in late5 group were breastfed and 23 cases used HMF (fortified rate was 57.5％).The time to initiate HMF in the late5 group was at (30.2 ± 13.2) days,and human milk amount was (89.9 ± 34.5) ml/kg,fortified duration was (32.8 ± 15.7) days.Conclusion The enteral feeding strategy were more vigorous in the last 5 years than before,the initial feeding volume,the increasing rate,the initial dosage of amino acid,and maximum dosage of amino acid had been increased.Human milk and HMF of preterm infants were preferred.The vigorous nutritional support strategy were effective for the weight gain of ELBW infants without obvious side effects during hospitalization.
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Objective To evaluate the levels of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin and true insulin in human milk from mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to assess the effects of these parameters on infant growth. Methods Fifty-two GDM mothers and their healthy infants (GDM group) and 49 non-GDM mothers and their healthy infants (control group) were enrolled from Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2010 to August 2010. The levels of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin and true insulin in colostrum and human milk 90 days postpartum (mature milk) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infant weight, length and head circumference at birth and at 90 days old were measured. The two-sample t-test, sum-rank test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results Compared with the control group, ghrelin was significantly lower in human milk from GDM mothers both in colostrum [136.7 (102.7-181.4) vs 175.4 (137.5-235.0) ng/L, t= -2.737] and mature milk [111.8 (77.5-184.2) vs 210.9 (147.3-381.9) ng/L, t= -3.268]. Adiponectin was also significantly lower in human milk from GDM mothers both in colostrum [21.7 (14.6-51.8) vs 57.0 (23.1-113.9)μg/L, t=-2.858] and mature milk [11.7 (8.4-14.4) vs 15.1 (11.9-18.5)μg/L, t=-2.625], however, true insulin level was higher in colostrum [22.8 (13.4-50.2) vs 20.4 (7.8-30.8) mU/L, t=-2.007] and mature milk [33.6 (22.5-54.1) vs 23.5 (13.5-31.6) mU/L, t=-2.009]. The differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). (2) In the colostrums of the GDM group, true insulin level was negatively associated with ghrelin (r=-0.342), but positively associated with adiponectin (r=0.305). In the control group, the level of true insulin in mature milk was positive associated with leptin in colostrums( r=0.456)and mature milk(r=0.629). The differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). (3) In the GDM group, adiponectin level in colostrum was negatively associated with neonatal birth weight (r= - 0.323, P=0.025); the leptin/adiponectin ratio was negatively associated with neonatal birth weight (r= -0.403, P=0.005) and head circumference (r= -0.327, P=0.039) at birth. Adiponectin level in mature milk was negatively associated with infant length 90 days postpartum (r=-0.406, P=0.040). In the control group, the leptin/adiponectin ratio in colostrum was negatively associated with neonatal head circumference at birth (r= -0.370, P=0.024). Adiponectin level in mature milk was positively associated with infant weight 90 days postpartum (r=0.432, P=0.007). Conclusion Women with GDM have different levels of ghrelin, adiponectin and true insulin in their milk from the normal controls, which may affect infant growth.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand adiponectin, leptin, insulin and ghrelin levels in preterm colostrum and mature milk and their influence on the growth and development of the premature infant.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The study subjects were divided into two groups: preterm group and control group. Specimens of colostrum and mature milk on 42nd day after delivery were collected, the general situation of maternal and infants growth parameters at birth and at postnatal 42 days were recorded. Leptin, adiponectin, insulin and ghrelin levels in colustrum and mature milk were determined and compared.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A total of 128 mother-infant pairs were involved. There were 128 specimens of colostrums (80 from preterm group, 48 from control group) and 94 specimens of mature milk(50 from premature group, 44 from control group). The levels of colostrum, mature milk adiponectin, leptin, and insulin were not significantly different between the 2 groups; ghrelin levels in colostrum and mature milk of premature group were significantly lower than those in control group (P = 0.038), adiponectin and leptin levels in colostrum were higher than those of the mature milk (P < 0.05), colostrum ghrelin levels were lower than those of mature milk (P < 0.05). Adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin showed no significant difference between different gestational age groups ( ≤ 34 weeks group vs. > 34 weeks group). True insulin level of mature milk in 34 weeks group was higher than that of > 34 weeks group (29.3 vs. 21.6 mU/L, P = 0.045); true insulin level in colostrums in ≤ 34 weeks group was lower than that in mature milk (21.7 vs. 29.3 mU/L, P = 0.000). Adiponectin levels in colostrum and 42 days weight gain were negatively correlated (r = -0.362, P = 0.025) . Insulin level in mature milk had a negative correlation with birth weight (r = -0.319, P = 0.029) . Ghrelin levels in colostrum and birth weight, length, head circumference, head circumference on 42(nd) day were positively correlated (r = 0.271,0.261,0.360, P < 0.05); weight, length at 42(nd) day and ghrelin levels showed borderline positive correlation (P = 0.050, 0.058).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Many bioactive hormones in milk might participate in the regulation of suitable growth after birth. Premature birth affects hormone levels in breast milk. Breast feeding is very important in preterm infants.</p>
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Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Adiponectin , Birth Weight , Physiology , Breast Feeding , Colostrum , Chemistry , Gestational Age , Ghrelin , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Infant, Premature , Insulin , Leptin , Milk, Human , Chemistry , Weight Gain , PhysiologyABSTRACT
Objective To determine the clinical characteristics of neonatal asymmetric crying facies and to review the latest progress in clinical research of this condition. Methods Clinical and laboratory data of a case of neonatal asymmetric crying facies syndrome admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital in March, 2013 was reported. Clinical charateristics, chromosome abnormalities, treatment and prognosis of neonatal asymmetric crying facies reported in China were analyzed, and pertinent literatures in China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database and CQVIP Database were reviewed. Results Eighteen Chinese reports on this syndrome were retrieved and 48 patients, 31 males and 17 females including our patient, were analyzed. Twelve patients had neonatal asymmetric crying facies and 36 patients had neonatal asymmetric crying facies syndrome. Anomalies in these children included malformations of the heart (26 cases, 72.2%), ear (11 cases, 30.6%), gastrointestinal tract (4 cases, 11.1%), cleft palate (2 cases, 5.6%) and fingers (2 cases, 5.6%). Standard chromosome analysis in three studies was normal. In one case, chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion was not found using flucrescence in situ hyloridization analysis. There were few studies with long-term follow-up in China. Conclusions Neonatal asymmetric crying facies are complicated with a high rate of other malformations. Identification of associated malformations and close follow-up are required, and intervention should be carried out earlier so as to ensure a good outcome.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in first-degree relatives of patients with affective disorders,and to evaluate the risk of AD in first-degree relatives of the patients with affective disorders.Methods Patients with affective disorders meeting DSM-Ⅳ-TR criteria (affective disorders group) and their healthy spouses (conrol group) were recruited in this study (n=109 each).The first-degree relatives inclusion criteria were biological relatives of both probands aged over 55 years.Subjects were investigated by neuropsychological assessment,imaging and clinical examinations,and were diagnosed as AD according to the criteria of the United States of America neuropathy language disorders and stroke research institute and Alzheimer's disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA).Results 284 first-degree biological relatives of affective disorders patients and 274 first-degree relatives of control group were selected.There were no statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics of the first-degree relatives between the two groups.The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the first-degree relatives had a significant difference between affective disorders group and control group [10.6％ (30/284) vs.4.4％ (12/ 274),x2=7.47,P=0.006].The prevalence of AD in the first-degree relatives was higher in bipolar disorder and depressive disorder patients than in control group [11.2％ (14/125) vs.4.4％(12/274),20.0％ (15/75) vs.4.4％(12/274),x2=6.80,20.56,OR=2.60,4.63,both P＜0.05],while there was no significant difference in the prevalence of AD in the first-degree relatives between mania patients and control group [1.1％ (1/87) vs.4.4％ (12/274),x2 =1.99,P＞0.05].Conclusions There is a high risk for Alzheimer' s disease in first-degree relatives of patients with affective disorders,particularly in first-degree relatives of patients with depression and bipolar disorders.
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Objective To explore the effect of fortified human milk feeding on growth,metabolism and complications of premature infants during hospital stay.Methods Totally,148 premature infants of gestational age ≤36 weeks and birth weight ≤1800 g,admitted to NICU of Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 1st,2009 and December 31st,2012,were retrospectively enrolled and divided into two groups.Infants fed predominantly (＞50％) with human breast milk,combined with human milk fortification (HMF) formula when breast milk was insufficient during hospital stay,were named HMF group (n =73),and those fed exclusively with premature formula were called premature formula feeding group (PF group,n =75).Data of infants on growth,metabolism and incidence of various complications were compared between the two groups.Clinical data were expressed with mean± standard deviation or median and quartiles [M(P25,P75)].Statistical analysis was performed with t-test,x2 test or non-parameter test.Results Among the 148 infants included,there was no significant difference in gestational age,birth weight,head circumference,length at birth,time for regaining birth weight,SGA at birth,neonatal respiratory distress symdrome,intraventricular hemorrhage (over grade Ⅲ) and asphyxia rate between HMF and PF group(all P＞0.05).Infants of the HMF group showed shorter duration of parenteral nutrition [18 d(14 d,25 d) vs 24 d (18 d,31 d),Z=-2.950,P=0.003],smaller age to achieve 120 ml/(kg · d) through enteral feeding [16 d(12 d,23 d) vs 22 d (16 d,30 d),Z=-2.895,P=0.004],smaller age to achieve total energy intake of 120 kcal/(kg · d) [11 d(8 d,15 d) vs 14 d (10 d,18 d),Z=-2.392,P=0.017] than those of the PF group.Medical cost during hospital stay in the HMF group was significantly less than in the PF group [RMB:47 078 yuan(30 802 yuan,67 039 yuan) vs 58 400 yuan (38 166 yuan,82 737 yuan),Z=-1.970,P=0.049].The time for initial feeding,rate of feeding intolerance,daily weight gain after regaining birth weight,weekly increase of body length and head circumference,weight,body length and head circumference at discharge,proportion of small for gestational age infants at discharge,z scores of both birth weight and weight at discharge showed no significant difference (all P＞ 0.05).The level of blood alkaline phosphates before discharge in HMF group was significantly higher than that of the PF group [(347.7±149.4) U/L vs (288.6±108.8) U/L,t=2.570,P=0.011].None of the other biochemical indicator showed any statistical difference.The incidence of sepsis in the HMF group was slightly lower than that in the PF group [11.0％ (8/73) vs 20.0％ (15/75)] without significant difference (x2 =2.30,P＞ 0.05),neither the morbidity of retinopathy of premature,chronic lung disease,necrotizing enterocditis of newborns (all P＞0.05).Conclusions HMF for premature infants may ensure the same growth pattern as those fed by premature formula,and it also can accelerate the enteral feeding process,reduce the incidence of sepsis and decrease the medical cost during hospital stay.
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Objective To summarise the clinical data of neonatal early onset sepsis (EOS) and investigate the correlation factors, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of EOS. Methods Data of 32 neonatal EOS patients admitted into the neonatal intensive care unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to June 2009 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 32 EOS infants, there were 23 preterm infants (71.9%), nine term infants (28.1%); 21 low birth weight infants (65.6%), six very low birth weight infants (18.8%) and one macrosomia (3.1%). Among 32 mothers, 27 (84.4%) were accompanied with various kinds of complications during perinatal period, such as 15 perinatal infection (46.9%), six preeclampsia (18.8%), five gestational diabetes mellitus (15.6%) and one hypothyroidism (3.1%). EOS infants had various clinical manifestations, including 25 low response (78.1%), 20 respiration or temperature abnormity (62.5%), 18 pallor and clammy skin (56.3%), 18 feeding intolerance (56.3%), 18 fever (56.3%), 15 metabolic acidosis (46.9%), 8 infectious shock (25.0%), 20(62.5%) high white blood cell count (>25×109/L), 22 (68.8%) low blood platelets (8 mg/L). Blood culture of 24 infants were positive (75.0%), among which nine infections were caused by gram-positive bacteria (9/24, 37.5%), including Listeria monocytogenes, group B Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, et al; 15 infections were caused by gram-negative bacteria (15/24, 62.5%), including Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Enterobacteria, Bacillus Smaragdinus, et al. Antibiotics were used in all infants when EOS was supposed to be or infectious symptoms were presented, and were adjusted under the results of culture. Twenty-two infants (68.8%) were cured, eight(25.0%) were given up from the therapy, two(6.3%) died. Conclusions The neonatal EOS correlates to various kinds of perinatal factors, its clinical manifestations are complicated and usually involves many systems. Multiple factors in perinatal period, clinical manifestation and laboratory examinations should be considered to make early diagnosis, assist management to improve the prognosis.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of a pilot intervention on setting up a hospital-based neonatal resuscitation leading group in 12 hospitals. Methods One provincial-level, two prefecturelevel and one county-level hospitals in Jiangxi, Liaoning and Hunan province were selected to participate in the intervention. A neonatal resuscitation leading group was set up in each hospital to investigate the mode of resuscitation practice training and re-training, improve and carry on the cooperation between obstetricians and pediatricians, record the steps of neonatal resuscitation of asphyxia cases and lead the exploration of the problems occurred during the process in their own hospital. The changes of asphyxia incidence and neonatal resuscitation process were analyzed to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Results (1) Incidence of neonatal asphyxia during intervention period: 315 neonatal asphyxia cases were recorded, among which 89.5 % (n = 282) were mild and 10. 5% (n=33) cases were severe asphyxia. The mean one-minute Apgar score was the lowest in county-level hospitals (5. 40±1.56), followed by provincial-level hospitals (5.63 ±1.67)and prefecture-level hospitals (6.03 ± 1.41). (2) Resuscitation was not performed according to the guidelines in 47. 9% (151/315) of asphyxia cases. Bag and mask ventilation was not performed according to guideline in 36. 5% (115/315) of cases. (3) Changes of asphyxia incidence after the intervention: the incidence of asphyxia in provincial-level (4.23 % vs 2.66 %, χ2 = 5. 021, P＜0.05)and prefecture-level (2.83% vs 1.67%, χ2 = 4. 948, P＜0.05) hospitals decreased significantly after the intervention. The incidence of severe asphyxia in both provincial-level (χ2 =3. 001, P＞0.05) and prefecture-level (χ2= 0. 966, P＞ 0. 05) hospitals decreased with no statistical significance. The asphyxia incidence in county-level hospitals decreased from 2. 48% to 1. 22% (χ2 = 2. 989, P =0. 084). The incidence of severe asphyxia in county-level hospitals decreased from 0.39% to 0. 00%(χ2=2. 567, P= 0. 035). Conclusions Setting up a hospital-based neonatal resuscitation leading group is an effective method to strengthen resuscitation practice training, promote the cooperation between departments, improve the level of neonatal resuscitation practice and therefore decrease the incidence of neonatal asphyxia in the hospital.
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Objective To summarize and analyze the impact factors on enteral feeding in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI). Methods A retrospective study was carried out in VLBWI and ELBWI who had achieved full enteral feeding prior to discharge. The impact factors correlated to the time of achieving full enteral feeding were analyzed. If the data underwent bi-variable normal distribution, they were analyzed with Pearson correlation test; otherwise they would be analyzed with Spearman correlation test. T test was used for single factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to determine the significant risk factors associated with the time of achieving full enteral feeding. Results One hundred and forty-seven infants with mean gestational age of (31.0±2.0) weeks, mean birth weight of (1246±185) g and mean time of achieving full enteral feeding of (24. 4± 10. 5) days were admitted. With the single factor analysis, it was found that birth weight (r=- 0. 477, P = 0. 000), gestational age (r = - 0. 405, P= 0. 000), mechanical ventilation duration (r= 0. 393, P = 0. 000), the time began to enteral feeding (r = 0. 318, P = 0. 000), initial milk volume (r = - 0. 263, P = 0. 001 ), the milk volume on the third day (r= -0. 412, P=0. 000) and the seventh day (r= -0. 592, P=0. 000),neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (t = 3. 368, P = 0. 001), umbilical catheterization (t = 3. 571,P=0. 000), abnormal blood glucose level (t=3. 285, P=0. 001), aminophylline using (t=4. 341,P=0. 000), phototherapy (t=3. 054, P=0. 003) and sepsis (t=3. 244, P=0. 001) were correlated to the time of achieving full enteral feeding. Multiple linear regression showed that the birth weight (t=4. 175, P= 0. 000), the time began to enteral feeding (t= 2. 851, P = 0. 005), aminophylline using (t=2. 231, P=0. 027), sepsis (t=3. 895, P=0. 000), phototherapy (t=2. 852, P=0. 005)and the milk volume on the seventh day (t= 7. 332, P=0. 000) were significantly correlated with the time of achieving full enteral feeding. Conclusions The enteral feeding of VLBWI and ELBWI was not only influenced by maturity of gastrointestinal tract, but also by other parenteral correlation factors. Multiple factors associated with all around clinical conditions should be considered when providing enteral feeding for VLBWI and ELBWI.
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Extremely low birth weight infants(ELBWI)are the greatest risk infants in NICU.Nutrition management influence directly surviving and prognosis of these infants in addition to the essential life support technology.Nutrition requirement,enteral and parenteral nutrition,feeding after discharge for ELBWI is introduced in this article.The ideal goals of nutrition support for ELBWI is to achieve growth similar to foetal growth coupled with satisfactory functional development and composition of weight gain for a normal fetus.
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Objective To determine the human milk insulin(HMI) concentrations of healthy,gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) lactating mothers and their correlative factors and to explore the effect of HMI on growth and development of neonates. Methods HMI of colostrum and mature milk collected from 148 healthy lactating mothers and 46 GDM/GIGT mothers were determined by radioimmnuoassay. The intergroup HMI levels were compared by Wilcoxon test. Results (1) In the GDM/GIGT group, colostrum HMI was 28.81 μU/ml(13. 84-43.14 μU/ml), significantly lower than that of mature milk which was 57.50 μU/ml(36. 70-82. 73 μU/ml) (Z=-4. 828,P=0. 000). HMI of mature milk in the healthy group was 35.88 μU/ml(25.91-46.85 μU/ml), lower than in the GDM/GIGT group (Z=-2.874,P=0.004). ( 2 ) The colostrum HMI of the mothers underwent cesarean section was 23.64 μU/ml (14.90-38.51 μU/ml) lower than in the vaginal delivery ones which was 38.89 μU/ml(23.14-65.54 μU/ml)(Z= -4. 510, P= 0. 000). (3) HMI of mature milk in mixed feeding cases was 42.58 μU/ml (26.60-73.06 μU/ml),significantly higher than that of breast feeding ones which was 36.32 μU/ml(26.00-46.16 μU/ml)(Z=-2. 377,P=0.019). (4) Both HMI in colostrum and mature milk were positively correlated with maternal BMI (P＜0.05). Conclusions The mode of delivery significantly affects the HMI in colostrum. GDM/GIGT and the feeding patterns have some effects on HMI levels in mature breast milk. The HMI level is positively correlated with maternal BMI.
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Objective To compare the diagnostic values of different parameters for neonatal sepsis by observing clinical presentations and laboratory tests of hospitalized newborn infants and to find out the the early and fast way in neonatal sepsis diagnosis. Methods Newborn infants admitted to NICU from Sept.2007 to Feb.2008,who met all inclusion and exclusion criteria,were enrolled.The situations in perinatal period,exact time of the onset of infection,clinical manifestations and laboratory indexes were recorded.Infants were classified into 3 groups:septic group(n=13),nonseptic group(n=12) and noninfectious group(n=12).Sensitivity,specificity,false positive rate,false negative rate,Youden's index and positive and negative predictive values(PPV and NPV) were calculated for each test. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were analyzed to determine the optimal thresholds. Results Among all the clinical manifestations,abnormal reaction had the hightest specificity(84.6%) and accuracy(67.9%) in diagnosing neonatal sepsis.SIRS criteria,with the specificity of 95.8%,was helpful in clinical suspected eases.However,routine laboratory tests,such as WBC,PLT and GLU,had poor sensitivity or specificity;I/T had better specificity(100%),but was subject to discrepancy among different observers.The area under the ROC for CRP and PCT were 0.734 and 0.878,with the optimal threshold of 15 mg/L(P=0.020,Youden's index=45.5%) and 0.81 ng/ml(P-0.000,specificity=100%,Youden's index=75.0%),respectively.Conclusions Careful clinical inspection warrants early detection of sick infants.Evaluation of SIRS criteria in clinical suspected septic infants may help in early diagnosis.WBC,I/T,PLT can be used as routinely monitoring indexes for high risk neonates.CRP and PCT concentrations also have significant diagnostic values.
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The article introduces the current situation of higher medical education of Taiwan Province and makes some brief comments and analyses by analyzing its advantages and disadvantages as well as the effectuation condition of higher education reforming measures.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence and trends of nosocomial infections of preterm infants in NICU and to explore their risk factors and strategies of infection control.METHODS A study was made among 1 026 hospitalized preterm infants from Jan 1992 to Dec 2004.RESULTS There were 316 times nosocomial infections in 266 preterm infants.Cumulative incidence rate for nosocomial infection was 25.9 neonates out of 100 admissions.The incidence density was 18.6 infections per 1000 patient days.The high risk factors for nosocomial infections included the parenteral nutrition,birth weight ≤1 500 g and mechanical ventilation(P
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Objective To study the clinical evaluation of gas exchange impairment in neonatal respiratory failure.Methods Blood gas, PaO2/PAO2, Qs/QT, PaO2/FiO2, A-aDO2 and RI of 53 newborn infants with respiratory failure in NICU of PUMCH from Jan. 1993 to Dec. 1997 were measured. Results These infants were divided into two groups according to PaO2/PAO2: moderate and severe respiratory failure. Qs/QT(11±3)%, PaO2/FiO2(183±113), A-aDO2(22.9±6.8)kPa, RI(2.5 ±0.8) in 21 neonates with moderate respiratory failure; Qs/QT(24±6)%, PaO2/FiO2 (82±30), A-aDO2 (49.3 ± 17.8)kPa,RI(7.6 ±3.4) in 32 neonates with severe respiratory failure(P＜0.001). These results in respiratory failure caused by different pathogenesis were different. In meconium aspiration and pneumothorax group there were the highestQs/QT(32±3)% ,A-aDO2 (69.8 ± 12.2)kPa,RI(9.2 ±2.9)and the lowest PaO2/FiO2 (77±39). Mortality of infants with high pulmonary shunt was high. Qs/QT(17±8)% in 38 survives and (24±6)% in 10 died neonates( P＜0.05). Conclusion The clinical evaluation using these indexes for newborn infants with respiratory failure is beneficial in recognizing pathogenesis,guiding therapy and evaluating prognosis.